Analysis
What does out-of-sample mean in a forecasting paper?
Out-of-sample scoring is the only published test that approximates live trading, and most papers still manage to overstate it.
Author
Sofia Lindqvist
Sofia Lindqvist builds models for a living and is unusually honest about how often they are wrong.
Articles by Sofia Lindqvist
Analysis
What replaced the guidance that has governed bank models since 2011?
Federal regulators rewrote model risk management guidance in April 2026, keeping the same validation core built around conceptual soundness and outcomes…