Economy
What the unemployment rate actually measures
The headline number is a household survey statistic with a narrow definition of unemployment. Knowing what sits inside it — and what sits outside — changes how…
Author
Sofia Lindqvist
Independent editorial contributor covering investment strategy and financial modeling for VUGA Network publications.
Articles by Sofia Lindqvist
Markets
What a stock's short interest ratio actually tells you
Days-to-cover is a snapshot built from twice-monthly data. It measures exit difficulty, not destiny.
Analysis
What does out-of-sample mean in a forecasting paper?
Out-of-sample scoring is the only published test that approximates live trading, and most papers still manage to overstate it.
Analysis
What replaced the guidance that has governed bank models since 2011?
Federal regulators rewrote model risk management guidance in April 2026, keeping the same validation core built around conceptual soundness and outcomes…
Analysis
The Fed's stress tests changed shape: what averaging does to comparability
The 2026 results — 32 banks, $708 billion in projected losses — arrive inside a methodology overhaul that trades year-to-year volatility for smoother…